Ethics In Criminal Justice Practice Test

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• which mechanism is criticized for paradoxically increasing unethical behavior despite the intent to prevent problems?
• a model of law enforcement that addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as:
• Scheingold identified contributing factors to police subculture development with one exception. Which is the exception?
• The continuum-of-force model is designed to enable officers to do which in response to escalating resistance?
• Which psychologist is associated with the development of social learning theory?
• In the objective approach, entrapment may be found when
• The __________________ approach looks at the defendant's background, character, and predisposition toward crime to determine if entrapment occurred.
• According to Anthony Walsh, our sense of moral outrage and emotional need for justice developed through which process?
• In Aristotle's golden mean, virtue is the balance between which two extremes?
• The classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves:
• According to the text, the most common reasons for false convictions include all of the following except:
• The term 'code of silence' refers to which behavior?
• In relation to entrapment, what are two conditions that can lead to entrapment under the objective approach?
• Which is not considered a moral virtue?
• The power and authority to choose one of two or more alternative behaviors is known as:
• Self-efficacy, an individual's feelings of competence, is developed by:
• Which ethical tradition asserts that punishment should be justified by its ability to maximize overall well-being?
• Under the objective approach to entrapment, if the state provides an essential element that makes the crime possible, or there is extensive and coercive pressure on the defendant, what might a court rule?
• Force is defined as which?
• Which statement accurately describes the 'third degree' in the historical context given?
• What is the effect of perceiving fair organizational procedures on misconduct, according to Wolfe and Piquero?
• Which option correctly identifies Braswell's stated not reason to study ethics?
• the crime control and due process models were developed by:
• if personal qualities such as honesty or kindness are important to you, these traits would be:
• Which ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation?
• In Brown's typology, the old style crime fighters are described as what?
• Social learning theory was developed by:
• Which ethical system is described as judging actions by their consequences?
• In terms of undercover operations, ethical formalism would most likely:
• Which system suggests that there are no moral absolutes, and that what is deemed 'good' and 'bad' can be different from group to group?
• Which method in interrogation historically involves a sympathetic, confiding relationship rather than physical coercion?
• The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a god that is:
• Cognitive dissonance, modeling, and reinforcement are all elements of:
• In Barker and Carter's typology of lies, accepted lies are:
• The concept that calls for retaliatory punishments such as 'an eye for an eye' is known as:
• According to the 'corruption continuum', organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:
• Which form of justice is primarily about ensuring fair outcomes in the distribution of goods and resources?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the steps necessary to analyze ethical dilemmas presented in the text?
• Which of the following statements is NOT an example of an ethical issue?
• What is the name of the policing approach that relies on data analysis to forecast and prevent crime?
• As a proponent of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham believed that the morality of an action should be determined by:
• Which statement aligns with ethical formalism regarding undercover operations?
• Ethical relativism posits that morality varies by culture. Which statement best reflects this view?
• which measure is commonly discussed as a policing reform to increase accountability?
• Which type of justice governs the allocation of society's resources?
• According to Barry, human beings can "know" god's will in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways?
• The system known as 'ethics of virtue' is associated with:
• In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, those that are considered "necessary evils" are known as:
• Beccaria and Bentham are most closely associated with which justification of punishment?
• There are two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred:
• Civil litigation has contributed to police subculture dynamics by increasing the risk of what behavior?
• Which of the following is not one of the six pillars of character?
• In Barker and Carter's typology, which category corresponds to lies that are considered 'necessary evils'?
• The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectness, caring, and which term?
• According to Beccaria's and Bentham's utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on:
• Someone who gives to charity or volunteers for the purpose of creating emotional pleasure for himself is exhibiting:
• Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of:
• In moral philosophy, which term is described as the mediator between selfishness and generosity?
• which term describes the fairness of procedures, interactions, and outcomes in an organization?
• the concepts of community policing, problem-orientated policing, and accountability mechanisms are components of which model of policing?
• Ethical issues in criminal justice practice often involve broad social questions. Which group is most directly affected and emphasized in these ethical considerations?
• When workers are busy and stressed, which brain process is most likely overloaded, leading to unethical choices?
• In Brown's typology, which type emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks?
• The idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly is known as:
• Which type of test measures an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms?
• Which term describes actions that are commendable but not morally required?
• an on-duty lifeguard who runs into the ocean to rescue a drowning child, risking his or her own life to do so, has performed a(n):
• Which branch of ethics studies the universal or relative nature of moral values?
• According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a valid component of civil disobedience?
• According to research, which of the following is NOT a factor associated with the use of force by police?
• Which factor is not among the items listed as a common cause of false convictions?
• According to South, some of the ethical problems with informants include all of the following except:
• ________________ are often put into place to guard against ethic problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior.
• Which entrapment approach focuses on the defendant's predisposition toward crime?
• The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called:
• The tradition of virtue ethics is most closely linked with which philosopher?
• Which statement is true regarding force in policing as described in the material?
• Which statement about interrogations is true?
• Which of the following is not one of the four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement?
• The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as:
• Which statement best describes ethics of virtue?
• Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards derived from the social contract. Which of the following is NOT one of these standards?
• An ethical system that bases ethics largely upon one's character and possession of certain valued qualities is?
• The father confessor approach in interrogation is best described as involving
• The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with:
• Retributive justice is best described by which term?
• Which term refers to the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role?
• According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe can result in all of the following except:
• the use of facts and objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision or understand a problem is known as:
• Which concept describes evaluating actions by the greater good of the majority?
• Civil disobedience is defined as which of the following?
• In Barker and Carter's typology, which category includes lies used during undercover investigations?
• The term 'blue curtain of secrecy' refers to which practice?
• Which policy example would be considered an ethical issue in policing?
• A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as:
• What is the current status of the 'third degree' interrogation method?
• Which case is associated with endorsing a specific entrapment method?
• The continuum-of-force approach allows the officer to:
• Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system?
• According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is:
• In Barker and Carter's typology, "deviant lies" are:
• The __________ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule.
• Which of the following is NOT listed as an element of police power by Klockars?
• Which theory starts from the principle of equality and aims to ensure equal distribution of goods?
• The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or universal is known as:
• Which of the six pillars of character encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence?
• Authority is defined as:
• Which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson?
• Which distributive theory would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods?
• ________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims:
• Which principle focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number in ethical decision making?
• Which ethical term refers to judging actions by universal moral duties rather than outcomes?
• While duties are what you are expected to do, _____________ are commendable but not required actions.
• a shift in police focus away from serving political bosses toward serving the law was a characteristic of the:
• which factor is described as NOT being a driver in the corruption continuum?
• Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy, shame, and moral reasoning?
• which era is associated with professionalization and reduced political influence in policing?
• ____________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.
• Which of the following best describes a duty that arises from one's professional role and job responsibilities?
• In order to determine whether entrapment has occurred, the __________________ approach examines the government's participation and whether it has exceeded accepted legal standards.
• Which term describes a justice approach focused on repairing harm and addressing the needs of both victims and offenders?
• Which statement about public servants is not universally true?
• Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice?
• The term "entrapment" refers to an incident wherein an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because:
• Which Kohlberg stage is described as following rules to avoid punishment?
• According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power?
• Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems?
• What is described as the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma?
• Applied ethics covers ethical analysis in which domains?
• which of the following was not mentioned as a consequence of recent events involving police use of force?
• Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true?
• All public servants have the following characteristics except:
• Which entrapment approach is primarily concerned with the role of the government's conduct in creating the offense?
• From an ethical formalism perspective, what is the key reason undercover operations are judged as unacceptable?
• which of the following is NOT an example of an imperfect duty?
• In confrontations between police and citizens, research has shown that facts leading to disrespectful interaction include each of the following except:
• According to the text, which represents the first step in the process of ethical analysis?
• Normative ethics is primarily concerned with ...
• Which ethical system is most likely to support harassing a racial minority group in pursuit of a justifiable goal such as preventing terrorism?
• What effect has increasing diversity among police recruits had on social homogeneity?
• Which type of loyalty is NOT among Souryal's categories?
• Civilians who are used to obtain facts and intelligence about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence can be obtained for an arrest are called:
• Which ethical system judges the consequences of an act?
• What term describes the power to choose among two or more alternative behaviors?
• Persuasion is defined as which of the following?
• Aristotle's concept of moderation between excess and deficiency is called:
• According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development?
• Lies that are used to control a suspect or to avoid the use of force are called:
• Which pillar of character is most associated with being trustworthy and reliable?
• Wolfe and Piquero found that officers who perceived that organizational procedures were fair were less likely to:
• The right of people in certain roles to use any means to overcome resistance is known as what?
• In the case of United States v. Russel, which approach to determine entrapment did the U.S. Supreme Court endorse?
• Which form of justice concerns the fairness of the process used to reach a verdict?
• Which theories of distributive justice are described as aiming to maximize benefits for the whole of society?
• Ethical issues in the text are described as involving broad social questions often concerning government social control mechanisms. Which factor is emphasized as central to these ethical concerns?
• Employing ethical principles to address specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called:
• Which ethical framework is closely associated with the idea that moral duties come from universalizable maxims?
• While ________________ justice involves the concept of 'just deserts', __________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before determining guilt and administering punishment.
• Which concept describes the mind-body view that is challenged by the 'ghost in the machine' concept?
• Which theory of distributive justice considers one's needs rather than what one has earned or deserves?
• The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called:
• Which concept is best described as the use of words and arguments to induce compliance?
• Retributive justice emphasizes punishment as a moral response to crime; which term best captures this concept?
• What policing strategy uses data analysis to drive decision-making in order to prevent crime?
• Which distributive theory would minimize government interference and emphasize private property rights?
• Which statement best summarizes the relationship among entrapment, undercover ethics, interrogations, and false convictions as presented?
• Which statement best describes the service-style officer in Brown’s typology?
• Which type of assessment specifically measures recognition of moral terms?
• Which statement about police subculture is false?
• Which of the following is NOT identified by Scheingold as a contributing factor to police subculture development?
• Which term describes justice focused on the desert-based aspects of punishment?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical issue as defined in the text?
• The phrase 'ghost in the machine' critiques the incorrect belief that:
• the crime control approach is consistent with the following except:
• Which of the following is not one of Braswell's reasons to study ethics?
• The term ___________ refers to what is judged as good conduct.
• Which distributive justice theory starts with the premise of equality?
• According to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization?
• Which of the following best describes a situation in which an individual is faced with at least two courses of action and the decision is difficult?